Washington — The Clinton and Bush administrations' failure to pursue military action against al-Qaeda operatives allowed the Sept. 11 terrorists to elude capture despite warning signs years before the attacks, a federal panel said Tuesday.
The Clinton administration had early indications of terrorist links to Osama bin Laden and future Sept. 11 mastermind Khalid Sheik Mohammed as early as 1995 but let years pass as it pursued criminal indictments and diplomatic solutions to subduing them abroad, it found.
Bush officials, meanwhile, failed to act immediately on increasing intelligence talk and urgent appeals in early 2001 by its counterterrorism adviser, Richard Clarke, to take out al-Qaeda targets, according to preliminary findings by the commission reviewing the attacks.
"We found that the CIA and the FBI tended to be careful in discussing the attribution for terrorist attacks," the bipartisan report said. "The time lag between terrorist act and any definitive attribution grew to months, then years, as the evidence was compiled."
Mary Fetchett, right rear, who lost her son, Brad, in the 2001 terrorist attack in New York City, wipes away a tear as former U.S. Secretary of State Madeline Albright's testifies in Washington on Tuesday. (Luke Frazza/AFP)
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Former Representative Lee Hamilton, appearing on CBS's The Early Show Tuesday, said, however, that the commission will not make any final judgments about the Clarke allegations or other assertions until it has reviewed all the evidence.
"The commission will not make any judgments about that, nor will I," he said.
The preliminary report did say, though, that the U.S. government had determined that Mr. bin Laden was a key terrorist financier as early as 1995, but that efforts to expel him from Sudan stalled after Clinton officials determined that he could not be brought to the United States without an indictment. A year later, Mr. bin Laden left Sudan and set up his base in Afghanistan without resistance.
In spring of 1998, the commission found, the Saudi government successfully thwarted a bin Laden-backed effort to launch attacks on U.S. forces in that country. But even after the August, 1998, embassy bombings in Africa, the administration declined covert military action in favour of Saudi assistance in persuading the Taliban to expel Mr. bin Laden. The Taliban refused, it said.
"From the spring of 1997 to September, 2001, the U.S. government tried to persuade the Taliban to expel bin Laden to a country where he could face justice," the report said. "The efforts employed inducements, warnings and sanctions. All these efforts failed."
The report was part of the commission's two-day hearing focusing on the two administration's failed responses to the threat from al-Qaeda.
Scheduled to testify Tuesday were Secretary of State Colin Powell and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, as well as their counterparts in the Clinton administration, William Cohen and Madeleine Albright. They were appearing as part of the panel's review of failures in diplomatic and military strategy.
The hearing comes following explosive allegations in a book released Monday by Mr. Clarke, U.S. President George W. Bush's former counterterrorism co-ordinator and a holdover from the Clinton administration, who is expected to testify Wednesday.
He said that he warned Bush officials in a January, 2001, memo about the growing al-Qaeda threat after the Cole attack but was put off by national security adviser Condoleezza Rice, who "gave me the impression she had never heard the term (al-Qaeda) before."
The commission's report Tuesday said Mr. Clarke pushed for immediate and secret military aid to the Taliban's foe, the Northern Alliance. But Ms. Rice and her deputy, Stephen Hadley, proposed a broader review of the al-Qaeda response that would take more time. The proposal was not approved for Mr. Bush's review until just weeks before Sept. 11.
The 10-member commission had invited Ms. Rice to testify, but she has declined on the advice of the White House, which cited separation of power concerns involving its staff's appearing before a legislative body.
Other potential diplomatic failures cited by the commission:
• The United States in 1995 located Sheik Mohammed in Qatar. He was then a suspect in a 1995 plot to plant bombs on U.S. airliners in Asia. FBI and CIA officials worked on his capture, but first sought a legal indictment and then help from the Qatari government, who they feared might tip him off. In 1996, Qatari officials reported that he had disappeared.
• The U.S. government pressed two successive Pakistani governments from the mid-1990s to pressure the Taliban by threatening to cut off support. But "before 9-11, the United States could not find a mix of incentives or pressure that would persuade Pakistan to reconsider its fundamental relationship."
• From 1999 through early 2001, the United States pressed the United Arab Emirates, the Taliban's only travel and financial outlet to the outside world, to break off ties, with little success.
Scheduled to testify Wednesday are CIA director George Tenet; Ms. Rice's predecessor, Clinton national security adviser Sandy Berger; and a new witness added Tuesday to fill Ms. Rice's slot, Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage.
